Droit - Semestre 8

Annee academique : 2023-2024
ECTS : 2
Categorie : Sciences Humaines et Sociales - Juridique


PART A - Presentation Generale du Module

Vue d'ensemble

Ce cours introduit les notions juridiques fondamentales pour l'ingenieur dans sa vie professionnelle. Il couvre le droit des contrats, le droit du travail, la propriete intellectuelle, et le droit des societes. L'objectif est de permettre aux futurs ingenieurs de comprendre l'environnement juridique, proteger leurs innovations, negocier des contrats, et connaitre leurs droits et obligations.

Objectifs pedagogiques :

  • Comprendre les principes du droit francais et la hierarchie des normes
  • Maitriser les bases du droit des contrats
  • Connaitre ses droits et obligations en droit du travail
  • Comprendre la propriete intellectuelle (brevets, droits d'auteur, marques)
  • Apprehender les structures juridiques d'entreprises
  • Identifier les responsabilites de l'ingenieur
  • Comprendre le RGPD et la protection des donnees

Position dans le cursus

Ce module apporte une dimension juridique complementaire :

  • Gestion (S8) : strategie d'entreprise, management
  • Finance (S7) : valorisation, levee de fonds
  • Entreprise (S5, S7) : fonctionnement des organisations

Il prepare a :

  • Entrepreneuriat : creation d'entreprise, protection de l'innovation
  • Carriere en entreprise : negociation de contrats, gestion de projets
  • R&D : protection de la propriete intellectuelle
  • Management : gestion d'equipes dans le respect du droit du travail

PART B - Experience Personnelle et Contexte d'Apprentissage

Organisation et ressources

Le module etait dispense par des juristes et avocats praticiens :

Cours magistraux (18h) :

  • Hierarchie des normes et sources du droit
  • Droit des contrats (formation, execution, resolution)
  • Droit du travail (contrat, temps de travail, rupture)
  • Propriete intellectuelle (brevets, droits d'auteur, marques)
  • Droit des societes (SARL, SAS, SA)
  • Responsabilites de l'ingenieur
  • Protection des donnees (RGPD)

Cas pratiques (9 cas) :

  • Theme 1 : Droit des contrats
  • Theme 2 : Vices du consentement
  • Theme 3 : Contrat de travail
  • Theme 4 : Rupture du contrat de travail
  • Theme 5 : Brevets d'invention
  • Theme 6 : Droits d'auteur
  • Theme 7 : Marques
  • Theme 8 : Droit des societes
  • Theme 9 : Responsabilites et RGPD

Ressources :

  • Code Civil (articles pertinents fournis)
  • Code du Travail (extraits)
  • Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle
  • Annales : QCM et cas pratiques
  • Documentation INPI (Institut National de la Propriete Industrielle)

Methodologie d'etude

Phase 1 : Assimiler les concepts generaux :

Comprendre la logique du droit francais, la hierarchie des normes, les grands principes.

Phase 2 : Etudier chaque domaine :

Approfondir contrats, travail, propriete intellectuelle, societes avec leurs specificites.

Phase 3 : Resoudre des cas pratiques :

Appliquer les connaissances a des situations concretes (les 9 cas pratiques).

Phase 4 : Memoriser les articles cles :

Quelques articles du Code Civil et du Code du Travail sont fondamentaux (ex : 1103, 1128, L1221-1).

Phase 5 : Developper le reflexe juridique :

Identifier dans toute situation professionnelle les enjeux juridiques et savoir quand consulter un expert.

Difficultes rencontrees

Vocabulaire technique :

Le droit a son jargon (delictuel, subsidiaire, CMRR, INPI, etc.). Necessite de se familiariser avec les termes.

Logique differente :

Le raisonnement juridique differe du raisonnement technique. Il faut s'adapter a la pensee juridique (qualification, subsomption).

Complexite des textes :

Les articles de loi sont denses et precis. Lecture attentive necessaire.

Multitude de cas particuliers :

Le droit prevoit de nombreuses exceptions et cas specifiques. Difficile de tout retenir.


PART C - Aspects Techniques Detailles

1. Hierarchie des normes juridiques

Pyramide de Kelsen :

Le droit francais s'organise en hierarchie. Une norme inferieure doit respecter les normes superieures.

Ordre hierarchique :

  1. Constitution (sommet) : loi fondamentale, droits et libertes fondamentaux
  2. Traites internationaux : conventions europeennes, accords internationaux (superiorite aux lois)
  3. Lois : votees par le Parlement
  4. Reglements : decrets, arretes (pouvoir executif)
  5. Contrats : "la loi des parties" (mais ne peut contredire les normes superieures)

Principe de legalite :

Toute norme inferieure doit etre conforme aux normes superieures. Une loi contraire a la Constitution peut etre censuree par le Conseil Constitutionnel.

2. Droit des contrats

Definition :

Un contrat est un accord de volontes creant des obligations juridiques entre les parties.

Conditions de validite (article 1128 Code Civil) :

Pour qu'un contrat soit valide, il faut :

  1. Consentement libre et eclaire des parties
  2. Capacite juridique de contracter (majeur, sain d'esprit)
  3. Contenu licite et certain (objet et cause legaux)

Formation du contrat :

Offre : proposition precise, ferme, et complete.

Acceptation : accord pur et simple sans reserve.

Rencontre des volontes : des que l'acceptation rencontre l'offre, le contrat est forme (consensualisme).

Force obligatoire (article 1103) :

"Les contrats legalement formes tiennent lieu de loi a ceux qui les ont faits."

Les parties doivent respecter leurs engagements. Le non-respect entraine responsabilite contractuelle.

Vices du consentement :

Le consentement doit etre libre et eclaire. S'il est vicie, le contrat peut etre annule.

ViceDescriptionExemple
ErreurCroyance erronee sur element essentielAcheter un faux tableau croyant qu'il est authentique
DolManoeuvres frauduleuses pour tromperMasquer un defaut lors de vente
ViolenceContrainte physique ou moraleSigner sous menace

Execution du contrat :

Les obligations doivent etre executees de bonne foi. En cas d'inexecution, sanctions possibles : execution forcee, dommages-interets, resolution.

Fin du contrat :

  • Execution complete : obligations remplies
  • Resolution : fin pour inexecution grave
  • Resiliation : fin pour l'avenir (contrats a execution successive)
  • Accord mutuel : les parties decident ensemble de mettre fin

3. Contrat de travail

Definition :

Lien de subordination juridique contre remuneration. Le salarie travaille sous l'autorite de l'employeur.

Criteres du lien de subordination :

  • Directives de l'employeur
  • Controle de l'execution
  • Pouvoir de sanction

Types de contrats :

TypeDureeUtilisation
CDIIndetermineeForme normale et generale
CDDDetermineeCas limitatifs (remplacement, surcroit d'activite)
InterimMission temporaireVia agence d'interim

Contenu obligatoire d'un contrat de travail :

  • Identification des parties
  • Qualification (poste, statut)
  • Remuneration (salaire brut)
  • Duree et horaires de travail
  • Lieu de travail
  • Convention collective applicable

Periode d'essai :

Periode permettant a chaque partie d'evaluer l'autre et de rompre facilement.

Duree maximale selon statut :

  • Ouvriers/employes : 2 mois
  • Agents de maitrise/techniciens : 3 mois
  • Cadres : 4 mois

Renouvellement possible si prevu par convention collective.

Modification du contrat :

Les elements essentiels (remuneration, qualification, lieu si precise) necessitent l'accord du salarie.

Refus du salarie : employeur ne peut pas imposer, doit maintenir situation ou licencier (motif economique si applicable).

Rupture du CDI :

TypeInitiativeConditions
DemissionSalarieVolonte claire et non equivoque
LicenciementEmployeurCause reelle et serieuse (faute, insuffisance, economique)
Rupture conventionnelleMutuelleAccord commun, homologation
Prise d'acteSalarieManquements graves employeur (requalification en licenciement si justifie)

Indemnites de licenciement :

Si licenciement (hors faute grave/lourde) et anciennete ≥ 8 mois : indemnite legale minimum (1/4 de mois par annee d'anciennete).

4. Temps de travail et remuneration

Duree legale :

35 heures par semaine (ou 151,67 heures par mois).

Au-dela : heures supplementaires majorees.

Heures supplementaires :

Majoration :

  • 25% pour les 8 premieres heures (36e a 43e heure)
  • 50% au-dela

Possibilite de repos compensateur equivalent.

Forfait jours (cadres autonomes) :

Pas de decompte horaire, mais nombre de jours travailles par an (218 jours maximum).

Repos obligatoires :

  • Repos quotidien : 11 heures consecutives
  • Repos hebdomadaire : 24 heures (generalement dimanche + 11h quotidiennes = 35h)
  • Conges payes : 2,5 jours ouvrables par mois travaille (30 jours par an)

SMIC :

Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel de Croissance. Montant horaire fixe par decret, reevalue regulierement.

Bulletin de paie :

  • Salaire brut : avant deductions
  • Cotisations sociales : salariales (retenues sur salaire) + patronales (payees par employeur)
  • Salaire net : percu par le salarie

5. Propriete intellectuelle - Vue d'ensemble

Trois piliers :

1. Propriete industrielle :

  • Brevets d'invention
  • Marques
  • Dessins et modeles

2. Propriete litteraire et artistique :

  • Droit d'auteur (oeuvres de l'esprit)
  • Droits voisins (artistes-interpretes, producteurs)

3. Autres :

  • Obtentions vegetales
  • Topographies de semi-conducteurs

6. Brevets d'invention

Principe :

Le brevet protege une invention technique en accordant un monopole d'exploitation pour une duree limitee.

Conditions de brevetabilite :

Pour etre brevetable, l'invention doit remplir trois criteres :

  1. Nouveaute : non divulguee publiquement avant le depot (pas de publication, pas de vente)
  2. Activite inventive : non evidente pour un homme du metier (apport creatif)
  3. Application industrielle : fabricable ou utilisable dans l'industrie

Exclusions :

Ne sont pas brevetables :

  • Decouvertes scientifiques (lois de la nature)
  • Theories mathematiques
  • Creations esthetiques (protegees par droit d'auteur)
  • Logiciels "en tant que tels" (mais effets techniques brevetables)
  • Methodes de traitement medical du corps humain

Procedure de depot :

En France : depot a l'INPI (Institut National de la Propriete Industrielle).

En Europe : depot a l'OEB (Office Europeen des Brevets) couvrant plusieurs pays.

A l'international : depot PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) facilitant depots multiples.

Cout : plusieurs milliers d'euros (depot + annuites + traductions pour Europe/international).

Duree de protection :

20 ans a compter du depot, sous reserve de payer les annuites (taxes de maintien).

Droits conferes :

Monopole d'exploitation : seul le titulaire peut fabriquer, utiliser, vendre, importer l'invention.

Interdire a autrui d'exploiter sans licence.

Obligations :

  • Divulgation : description complete de l'invention (publication 18 mois apres depot)
  • Annuites : taxes annuelles pour maintenir le brevet en vigueur

Inventions de salaries :

Trois categories selon article L611-7 CPI :

TypeDefinitionProprieteCompensation
MissionDans cadre des fonctions, mission inventive expliciteEmployeurPrime raisonnable possible
Hors mission attribuableHors mission mais liee a activite entreprise ou moyens utilisesEmployeur (droit d'attribution)Juste prix obligatoire
Hors mission non attribuableTotalement hors activite et moyens entrepriseSalarie-

7. Droit d'auteur

Principe :

Le droit d'auteur protege les oeuvres de l'esprit originales des leur creation, sans formalite.

Objets proteges :

Toute creation intellectuelle originale :

  • Oeuvres litteraires (livres, articles)
  • Oeuvres musicales
  • Oeuvres audiovisuelles
  • Logiciels
  • Bases de donnees
  • Arts visuels (peinture, photographie, sculpture)

Conditions :

  1. Originalite : empreinte de la personnalite de l'auteur (choix creatifs)
  2. Mise en forme : l'idee seule n'est pas protegeable, seulement son expression

Aucune formalite :

Protection automatique des creation. Pas besoin d'enregistrement (contrairement au brevet).

Depot possible pour preuve d'anteriorite (enveloppe Soleau a l'INPI, huissier, etc.).

Deux types de droits :

Droits moraux (perpetuels, inalienables, imprescriptibles) :

  • Droit de divulgation : decider si et comment publier
  • Droit au respect de l'oeuvre : s'opposer aux modifications
  • Droit de paternite : etre reconnu comme auteur
  • Droit de retrait/repentir : retirer l'oeuvre (rare, indemnisation)

Droits patrimoniaux (cessibles, limites dans le temps) :

  • Droit de reproduction : copie, impression, enregistrement
  • Droit de representation : diffusion publique, execution
  • Droit d'adaptation : traduction, transformation

Duree de protection :

Vie de l'auteur + 70 ans.

Apres, l'oeuvre tombe dans le domaine public (libre utilisation).

Exceptions :

Utilisations autorisees sans autorisation :

  • Citation courte (avec source)
  • Copie privee (usage personnel)
  • Parodie
  • Enseignement et recherche (limite)

Logiciels :

Proteges par le droit d'auteur (pas le brevet en principe, sauf effet technique).

En entreprise, droits souvent cedes automatiquement a l'employeur (sauf disposition contraire).

8. Marques

Definition :

Signe distinctif permettant d'identifier les produits ou services d'une entreprise.

Types de marques :

  • Nominale : mot, nom (ex : Coca-Cola)
  • Figurative : logo, dessin
  • Mixte : combinaison mot + logo
  • Sonore : jingle (ex : SNCF)
  • Tridimensionnelle : forme du produit (ex : bouteille Coca)

Conditions de validite :

  1. Distinctive : pas generique ou descriptive (ex : "ordinateur" pour un ordinateur)
  2. Licite : pas contraire ordre public, pas trompeuse
  3. Disponible : pas de droits anterieurs (marques, noms commerciaux similaires)

Depot :

A l'INPI pour la France.

Choisir les classes de produits/services (classification de Nice, 45 classes).

Cout : quelques centaines d'euros selon nombre de classes.

Duree de protection :

10 ans, renouvelable indefiniment (tant que taxes payees).

Decheance pour non-usage : si non utilisee pendant 5 ans consecutifs.

Droits conferes :

Monopole d'utilisation pour les produits/services enregistres.

Interdire aux tiers d'utiliser marque identique ou similaire creant confusion.

Contrefacon :

Utilisation non autorisee d'une marque protegee.

Sanctions civiles (dommages-interets, saisie contrefacons) et penales (amende, emprisonnement).

9. Droit des societes

Entreprise individuelle vs Societe :

Entreprise individuelle :

  • Pas de personnalite morale distincte (entrepreneur = entreprise)
  • Responsabilite illimitee (patrimoine personnel engage)
  • Simplicite administrative
  • Imposition sur revenus personnels

Societe :

  • Personnalite morale (entite juridique distincte)
  • Responsabilite limitee aux apports (generalement)
  • Formalites de creation (statuts, immatriculation RCS)
  • Imposition societe + eventuelle imposition associes

Principales formes de societes :

SARL (Societe a Responsabilite Limitee) :

CaracteristiqueDescription
Associes1 a 100 (EURL si seul)
CapitalLibre (1€ symbolique possible)
ResponsabiliteLimitee aux apports
DirectionGerant(s)
DecisionsAssemblees generales
Regime social gerantMajoritaire : TNS, minoritaire : assimile salarie

SAS (Societe par Actions Simplifiee) :

CaracteristiqueDescription
AssociesMinimum 1 (SASU si seul)
CapitalLibre
ResponsabiliteLimitee aux apports
DirectionPresident (liberte statutaire pour autres organes)
SouplesseGrande liberte d'organisation dans statuts
Regime social presidentAssimile salarie

SA (Societe Anonyme) :

CaracteristiqueDescription
ActionnairesMinimum 2 (7 si cotee en bourse)
CapitalMinimum 37 000 €
ResponsabiliteLimitee aux apports
DirectionConseil d'administration + DG, ou Directoire + Conseil de surveillance
FormalismeImportant (adapte aux grandes structures)

Choix de structure :

Criteres de decision :

  • Nombre d'associes
  • Montant des investissements
  • Fiscalite (IS ou IR)
  • Protection patrimoine personnel
  • Souplesse de gestion
  • Levee de fonds (SAS preferee par investisseurs)

10. Responsabilites de l'ingenieur

Responsabilite contractuelle :

Vis-a-vis du client ou employeur.

Inexecution ou mauvaise execution des obligations contractuelles → dommages-interets.

Obligation de resultat (atteindre objectif) ou de moyens (mettre en oeuvre moyens appropries) selon contrat.

Responsabilite delictuelle (ou extracontractuelle) :

Dommage cause a un tiers (hors contrat).

Trois conditions :

  1. Faute : negligence, imprudence, manquement a obligation
  2. Prejudice : dommage subi par la victime
  3. Lien de causalite : la faute a cause le prejudice

Responsabilite penale :

Infractions pouvant engager l'ingenieur :

  • Mise en danger d'autrui : exposer autrui a risque immediat de mort ou blessures graves
  • Homicide ou blessures involontaires : par maladresse, imprudence, negligence
  • Atteinte a l'environnement : pollution, dechets dangereux
  • Non-respect normes de securite

Sanctions : amendes, emprisonnement, interdiction d'exercer.

Responsabilite decennale (construction) :

Garantie de 10 ans sur solidite de l'ouvrage et elements indissociables.

Concerne architectes, ingenieurs, entrepreneurs du batiment.

Assurance obligatoire.

Devoir de conseil :

L'ingenieur, en tant qu'expert, doit alerter sur les risques et proposer des solutions adaptees.

Defaut de conseil peut engager responsabilite.

11. Clauses contractuelles importantes

Clause de confidentialite (NDA - Non-Disclosure Agreement) :

Protege les informations sensibles echangees entre parties.

Preciser :

  • Informations concernees
  • Duree de confidentialite
  • Exceptions (informations deja publiques, obligation legale)
  • Sanctions en cas de violation

Clause de non-concurrence :

Interdit au salarie d'exercer activite concurrente apres fin du contrat.

Conditions de validite :

  • Limitee dans le temps (generalement 1-2 ans)
  • Limitee geographiquement
  • Limitee a un secteur d'activite precis
  • Indemnite compensatrice (sinon nulle)
  • Necessaire a protection interets legitimes de l'entreprise

Clause de propriete intellectuelle :

Definit qui detient les droits sur creations realisees dans le cadre de la collaboration.

Important de clarifier des debut : brevets, logiciels, designs, etc.

Clause penale :

Fixe a l'avance montant des dommages-interets en cas d'inexecution.

Evite contentieux sur evaluation du prejudice.

Peut etre revisee par juge si manifestement excessive ou derisoire.

Clause de juridiction :

Designe le tribunal competent en cas de litige.

Clause compromissoire :

Soumet les litiges a arbitrage plutot qu'aux tribunaux judiciaires.

Plus rapide et confidentiel, mais couteux.

12. Protection des donnees personnelles - RGPD

Reglement General sur la Protection des Donnees :

Reglement europeen applicable depuis mai 2018.

Vise a proteger les donnees personnelles des citoyens europeens.

Donnee personnelle :

Toute information relative a personne physique identifiee ou identifiable (nom, email, adresse IP, etc.).

Principes fondamentaux :

  • Liceite, loyaute, transparence : traitement legal et informe
  • Limitation des finalites : collecte pour objectifs precis
  • Minimisation : collecter seulement donnees necessaires
  • Exactitude : maintenir donnees a jour
  • Limitation de conservation : ne pas garder indefiniment
  • Integrite et confidentialite : securiser les donnees

Droits des personnes :

DroitDescription
AccesObtenir copie de ses donnees
RectificationCorriger donnees inexactes
Effacement ("droit a l'oubli")Demander suppression
PortabiliteRecuperer donnees dans format reutilisable
OppositionS'opposer au traitement
LimitationLimiter le traitement

Obligations du responsable de traitement :

  • Tenir un registre des traitements
  • Realiser analyse d'impact (si traitement a risque)
  • Designer DPO (Data Protection Officer) si necessaire
  • Notifier violations de donnees a CNIL (72h) et aux personnes concernees
  • Obtenir consentement clair (case a cocher, pas pre-cochee)

Sanctions :

Amendes jusqu'a 20 millions d'euros ou 4% du chiffre d'affaires annuel mondial (le plus eleve).

Nombreuses sanctions deja prononcees (Google, Amazon, etc.).


PART D - Analyse Reflexive et Perspectives

Competences acquises

Culture juridique generale :

Comprehension des principes du droit francais, hierarchie des normes, raisonnement juridique.

Lecture de contrats :

Capacite a lire et analyser un contrat, identifier les clauses importantes et les risques.

Connaissance droits et obligations :

En tant que salarie : droits (remuneration, repos, protection) et obligations (loyaute, subordination).

Protection de l'innovation :

Comprendre comment proteger ses creations (brevets, droits d'auteur, marques) et eviter contrefacon.

Vision entrepreneuriale :

Bases pour creer une entreprise (choix structure, statuts, propriete intellectuelle).

Conscience des responsabilites :

Identifier les situations engageant la responsabilite de l'ingenieur et agir en consequence.

Points cles a retenir

1. Le droit encadre toute activite professionnelle :

Ignorer le droit par meconnaissance n'exonere pas de responsabilite. Se former est essentiel.

2. Tout contrat doit etre lu attentivement :

Un contrat engage juridiquement. Les clauses defavorables (non-concurrence abusive, cession tous droits IP) peuvent avoir consequences lourdes.

3. Proteger ses innovations rapidement :

La nouveaute d'un brevet se perd des divulgation publique. Deposer avant de publier ou presenter.

4. Propriete intellectuelle ≠ automatiquement a l'employeur :

Les inventions de mission appartiennent a l'employeur, mais hors mission attribuable : juste prix. Hors mission non attribuable : au salarie.

5. RGPD incontournable :

Tout traitement de donnees personnelles doit respecter RGPD. Sanctions tres elevees. Integrer la conformite des conception.

Retour d'experience

Prise de conscience :

Avant ce cours, le droit semblait abstrait. J'ai realise qu'il est omnipresent : signature d'un stage, utilisation d'un logiciel, creation d'un site web (mentions legales, cookies).

Complexite et nuances :

Le droit est rarement binaire. Beaucoup de zones grises, d'interpretations, de jurisprudence. D'ou l'importance de consulter des experts en cas de doute.

Valorisation du conseil juridique :

Un juriste n'est pas un cout mais un investissement. Il evite litiges couteux, protege innovations, securise contrats.

Aspect pratique :

Les cas pratiques ont rendu le cours concret. Analyser des situations reelles (litige salarial, contrefacon de marque) aide a ancrer les connaissances.

Applications pratiques

Pour ingenieur salarie :

  • Negocier contrat de travail (clause IP, non-concurrence, remuneration)
  • Comprendre bulletin de paie
  • Connaitre ses droits (conges, heures sup, protection licenciement)
  • Proteger ses inventions hors mission

Pour ingenieur en R&D :

  • Proteger innovations (brevets)
  • Verifier liberte d'exploitation (freedom to operate)
  • Gerer confidentialite (NDA avec partenaires)
  • Respecter propriete intellectuelle de tiers

Pour entrepreneur :

  • Choisir structure juridique adaptee (SARL, SAS)
  • Rediger statuts et pacte d'associes
  • Proteger marque et nom commercial
  • Rediger contrats clients et fournisseurs
  • Conformite RGPD

Pour manager :

  • Respecter droit du travail (horaires, repos, licenciement)
  • Gerer contrats de l'equipe
  • Former equipe sur confidentialite et RGPD

Limites et ouvertures

Limites du module :

  • Survol necessairement superficiel (droit tres vaste)
  • Peu d'approfondissement sur droit international
  • Aspects fiscaux peu abordes
  • Peu de pratique redactionnelle (rediger contrat)

Ouvertures vers :

  • Droit des affaires : fusions-acquisitions, levee de fonds
  • Droit du numerique : e-commerce, protection donnees, cybercriminalite
  • Droit de la concurrence : ententes, abus position dominante
  • Droit europeen et international : contrats internationaux, brevets mondiaux

Evolutions recentes

RGPD (2018) :

Impact majeur sur traitement donnees. Toutes entreprises concernees. Conformite obligatoire.

Reglementation Intelligence Artificielle :

L'UE travaille sur reglementation IA (AI Act) : IA a risque, transparence, responsabilite.

Propriete intellectuelle du logiciel :

Debats sur brevetabilite des algorithmes, IA, blockchain.

Droit a la deconnexion :

Respect vie privee salaries, limitation emails hors horaires (droit francais depuis 2017).

Teletravail :

Cadre juridique renforce post-COVID (accord, equipement, assurance).

Conseils pour reussir

1. Ne pas negliger le droit :

Ce n'est pas qu'un cours theorique. C'est un outil pratique qui protege et structure l'activite professionnelle.

2. Lire attentivement tout contrat :

Stage, emploi, prestation. Identifier clauses importantes (IP, non-concurrence, confidentialite). Ne pas hesiter a negocier.

3. Proteger ses creations :

Si invention ou creation originale, se renseigner sur protection (brevet, droit d'auteur, marque). Agir vite (nouveaute).

4. Consulter un expert en cas de doute :

Avocat, juriste, conseil en PI. Investissement rentable pour eviter erreurs couteuses.

5. Se tenir informe :

Le droit evolue (RGPD, IA, teletravail). Suivre actualites juridiques pertinentes pour son secteur.

6. Developper le reflexe juridique :

Dans toute decision professionnelle, se poser question : quels sont enjeux juridiques, risques, protections necessaires ?

Conclusion

Ce module est essentiel pour tout ingenieur, qu'il soit salarie, chercheur, ou entrepreneur. Le droit n'est pas un obstacle mais un cadre protecteur et structurant.

Competences transferables :

  • Lecture critique de documents juridiques
  • Identification des risques juridiques
  • Protection de l'innovation
  • Negociation eclairee de contrats
  • Vision globale entreprise (juridique, technique, financiere)

Pertinence professionnelle :

Tout ingenieur sera confronte au droit : signature contrat travail, creation produit (protection IP), gestion projet (contrats clients/fournisseurs), creation startup (statuts, levee fonds).

Message principal :

Le droit n'est pas reserve aux juristes. Tout professionnel doit en maitriser les bases pour proteger ses interets, respecter ses obligations, et evoluer sereinement.

Recommandations :

  • Approfondir domaines pertinents pour son secteur (brevets pour R&D, RGPD pour IT, etc.)
  • Consulter ressources INPI, CNIL, Code du Travail en ligne
  • Participer a formations continues (propriete intellectuelle, RGPD)
  • Developper reseau avec juristes specialises
  • Lire blogs juridiques, newsletter (Dalloz Actualite, Village Justice)

Liens avec les autres cours :


Documents de CoursCourse Documents

Theme 1 - Introduction au DroitTopic 1 - Introduction to Law

Introduction generale : sources du droit, hierarchie des normes, organisation judiciaire et principes fondamentaux.General introduction: sources of law, hierarchy of norms, judicial organization and fundamental principles.

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Theme 3 - L'EntrepriseTopic 3 - The Company

Droit de l'entreprise : formes juridiques (SA, SARL, SAS), creation, gestion et dissolution de societes.Business law: legal forms (SA, SARL, SAS), creation, management and dissolution of companies.

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Theme 6 - Responsabilite CivileTopic 6 - Civil Liability

Responsabilite civile personnelle : faute, dommage, lien de causalite, reparation et assurances.Personal civil liability: fault, damage, causal link, compensation and insurance.

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Cours suivi en 2023-2024 a l'INSA Toulouse, Departement Genie Electrique et Informatique.Course taken in 2023-2024 at INSA Toulouse, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.

Law - Semester 8

Academic Year: 2023-2024
ECTS: 2
Category: Humanities and Social Sciences - Legal


PART A - General Module Presentation

Overview

This course introduces the fundamental legal concepts for engineers in their professional life. It covers contract law, labor law, intellectual property, and corporate law. The objective is to enable future engineers to understand the legal environment, protect their innovations, negotiate contracts, and know their rights and obligations.

Learning objectives:

  • Understand the principles of French law and the hierarchy of legal norms
  • Master the basics of contract law
  • Know one's rights and obligations under labor law
  • Understand intellectual property (patents, copyright, trademarks)
  • Grasp the legal structures of companies
  • Identify the engineer's liabilities
  • Understand GDPR and data protection

Position in the curriculum

This module provides a complementary legal dimension:

  • Management (S8): business strategy, management
  • Finance (S7): valuation, fundraising
  • Business (S5, S7): how organizations work

It prepares for:

  • Entrepreneurship: company creation, innovation protection
  • Corporate career: contract negotiation, project management
  • R&D: intellectual property protection
  • Management: team management in compliance with labor law

PART B - Personal Experience and Learning Context

Organization and resources

The module was taught by practicing lawyers and legal professionals:

Lectures (18h):

  • Hierarchy of norms and sources of law
  • Contract law (formation, performance, termination)
  • Labor law (employment contract, working hours, termination)
  • Intellectual property (patents, copyright, trademarks)
  • Corporate law (SARL, SAS, SA)
  • Engineer's liabilities
  • Data protection (GDPR)

Case studies (9 cases):

  • Topic 1: Contract law
  • Topic 2: Defects of consent
  • Topic 3: Employment contract
  • Topic 4: Termination of employment contract
  • Topic 5: Patents
  • Topic 6: Copyright
  • Topic 7: Trademarks
  • Topic 8: Corporate law
  • Topic 9: Liabilities and GDPR

Resources:

  • Civil Code (relevant articles provided)
  • Labor Code (excerpts)
  • Intellectual Property Code
  • Past exams: MCQ and case studies
  • INPI documentation (National Institute of Industrial Property)

Study methodology

Phase 1: Assimilate general concepts:

Understand the logic of French law, the hierarchy of norms, and the main principles.

Phase 2: Study each area:

Deepen knowledge of contracts, labor, intellectual property, and corporate law with their specificities.

Phase 3: Solve case studies:

Apply knowledge to concrete situations (the 9 case studies).

Phase 4: Memorize key articles:

Some articles of the Civil Code and Labor Code are fundamental (e.g.: 1103, 1128, L1221-1).

Phase 5: Develop the legal reflex:

Identify the legal issues in any professional situation and know when to consult an expert.

Difficulties encountered

Technical vocabulary:

Law has its own jargon (tortious, subsidiary, CMRR, INPI, etc.). Requires familiarization with the terms.

Different logic:

Legal reasoning differs from technical reasoning. One must adapt to legal thinking (qualification, subsumption).

Complexity of legal texts:

Legal articles are dense and precise. Careful reading required.

Multitude of special cases:

Law provides for many exceptions and specific cases. Difficult to remember everything.


PART C - Detailed Technical Aspects

1. Hierarchy of legal norms

Kelsen's Pyramid:

French law is organized hierarchically. A lower norm must comply with higher norms.

Hierarchical order:

  1. Constitution (top): fundamental law, fundamental rights and freedoms
  2. International treaties: European conventions, international agreements (superior to laws)
  3. Laws: voted by Parliament
  4. Regulations: decrees, orders (executive power)
  5. Contracts: "the law of the parties" (but cannot contradict higher norms)

Principle of legality:

Any lower norm must comply with higher norms. A law contrary to the Constitution can be struck down by the Constitutional Council.

2. Contract law

Definition:

A contract is an agreement of wills creating legal obligations between the parties.

Conditions of validity (article 1128 Civil Code):

For a contract to be valid, it requires:

  1. Free and informed consent of the parties
  2. Legal capacity to contract (adult, of sound mind)
  3. Lawful and certain content (legal object and cause)

Contract formation:

Offer: precise, firm, and complete proposal.

Acceptance: pure and simple agreement without reservation.

Meeting of wills: as soon as acceptance meets the offer, the contract is formed (consensualism).

Binding force (article 1103):

"Legally formed contracts serve as law for those who made them."

The parties must fulfill their commitments. Non-compliance leads to contractual liability.

Defects of consent:

Consent must be free and informed. If it is vitiated, the contract can be annulled.

DefectDescriptionExample
MistakeErroneous belief about an essential elementBuying a fake painting believing it to be authentic
Fraud (Dol)Fraudulent maneuvers to deceiveConcealing a defect during a sale
DuressPhysical or moral constraintSigning under threat

Contract performance:

Obligations must be performed in good faith. In case of non-performance, possible remedies: forced performance, damages, termination.

End of contract:

  • Complete performance: obligations fulfilled
  • Termination for breach: end due to serious non-performance
  • Termination for the future: end going forward (successive performance contracts)
  • Mutual agreement: parties decide together to end the contract

3. Employment contract

Definition:

Legal subordination relationship in exchange for remuneration. The employee works under the employer's authority.

Criteria of the subordination relationship:

  • Employer's directives
  • Monitoring of performance
  • Power to impose sanctions

Types of contracts:

TypeDurationUse
CDI (Permanent contract)IndefiniteStandard and general form
CDD (Fixed-term contract)FixedLimited cases (replacement, increased workload)
Temporary workTemporary assignmentVia temporary agency

Mandatory content of an employment contract:

  • Identification of the parties
  • Job title (position, status)
  • Remuneration (gross salary)
  • Working hours and schedule
  • Workplace
  • Applicable collective agreement

Trial period:

Period allowing each party to evaluate the other and easily terminate the contract.

Maximum duration by status:

  • Workers/employees: 2 months
  • Supervisors/technicians: 3 months
  • Executives: 4 months

Renewal possible if provided for by collective agreement.

Contract modification:

Essential elements (remuneration, job title, workplace if specified) require the employee's consent.

Employee refusal: the employer cannot impose the change, must maintain the situation or dismiss (economic grounds if applicable).

Termination of a permanent contract (CDI):

TypeInitiativeConditions
ResignationEmployeeClear and unambiguous will
DismissalEmployerReal and serious cause (misconduct, inadequacy, economic)
Mutual termination agreementMutualCommon agreement, official approval
Constructive dismissalEmployeeSerious employer breaches (reclassified as dismissal if justified)

Severance pay:

If dismissed (excluding gross/serious misconduct) and seniority ≥ 8 months: minimum statutory severance (1/4 month per year of service).

4. Working hours and remuneration

Legal working hours:

35 hours per week (or 151.67 hours per month).

Beyond that: overtime with premium pay.

Overtime:

Premium:

  • 25% for the first 8 hours (36th to 43rd hour)
  • 50% beyond

Possibility of equivalent compensatory rest.

Fixed-day scheme (autonomous executives):

No hourly accounting, but a number of days worked per year (218 days maximum).

Mandatory rest periods:

  • Daily rest: 11 consecutive hours
  • Weekly rest: 24 hours (generally Sunday + 11h daily = 35h)
  • Paid leave: 2.5 working days per month worked (30 days per year)

SMIC (Minimum wage):

Interprofessional Growth Minimum Wage. Hourly rate set by decree, regularly revised.

Pay slip:

  • Gross salary: before deductions
  • Social contributions: employee (withheld from salary) + employer (paid by employer)
  • Net salary: received by the employee

5. Intellectual property - Overview

Three pillars:

1. Industrial property:

  • Patents
  • Trademarks
  • Designs and models

2. Literary and artistic property:

  • Copyright (works of the mind)
  • Related rights (performing artists, producers)

3. Other:

  • Plant varieties
  • Semiconductor topographies

6. Patents

Principle:

A patent protects a technical invention by granting a monopoly of exploitation for a limited period.

Patentability conditions:

To be patentable, the invention must meet three criteria:

  1. Novelty: not publicly disclosed before filing (no publication, no sale)
  2. Inventive step: not obvious to a person skilled in the art (creative contribution)
  3. Industrial application: capable of being manufactured or used in industry

Exclusions:

Not patentable:

  • Scientific discoveries (laws of nature)
  • Mathematical theories
  • Aesthetic creations (protected by copyright)
  • Software "as such" (but technical effects are patentable)
  • Methods of medical treatment of the human body

Filing procedure:

In France: filing at INPI (National Institute of Industrial Property).

In Europe: filing at the EPO (European Patent Office) covering multiple countries.

Internationally: PCT filing (Patent Cooperation Treaty) facilitating multiple filings.

Cost: several thousand euros (filing + annuities + translations for Europe/international).

Duration of protection:

20 years from the filing date, subject to paying annuities (maintenance fees).

Rights granted:

Exploitation monopoly: only the holder can manufacture, use, sell, and import the invention.

Prohibit others from exploiting without a license.

Obligations:

  • Disclosure: complete description of the invention (published 18 months after filing)
  • Annuities: annual fees to keep the patent in force

Employee inventions:

Three categories according to article L611-7 CPI:

TypeDefinitionOwnershipCompensation
Mission inventionWithin the scope of duties, explicit inventive missionEmployerReasonable bonus possible
Attributable off-missionOff-mission but related to company activity or resources usedEmployer (right of attribution)Fair price mandatory
Non-attributable off-missionEntirely outside company activity and resourcesEmployee-

7. Copyright

Principle:

Copyright protects original works of the mind from their creation, without any formality.

Protected works:

Any original intellectual creation:

  • Literary works (books, articles)
  • Musical works
  • Audiovisual works
  • Software
  • Databases
  • Visual arts (painting, photography, sculpture)

Conditions:

  1. Originality: bearing the author's personal imprint (creative choices)
  2. Expression: an idea alone is not protectable, only its expression

No formalities:

Automatic protection from creation. No registration needed (unlike patents).

Filing possible for proof of prior creation (Soleau envelope at INPI, bailiff, etc.).

Two types of rights:

Moral rights (perpetual, inalienable, imprescriptible):

  • Right of disclosure: decide whether and how to publish
  • Right of integrity: oppose modifications to the work
  • Right of attribution: be recognized as the author
  • Right of withdrawal: withdraw the work (rare, requires compensation)

Economic rights (transferable, limited in time):

  • Right of reproduction: copying, printing, recording
  • Right of public performance: public broadcast, performance
  • Right of adaptation: translation, transformation

Duration of protection:

Author's lifetime + 70 years.

After that, the work enters the public domain (free use).

Exceptions:

Authorized uses without permission:

  • Short quotation (with source)
  • Private copy (personal use)
  • Parody
  • Teaching and research (limited)

Software:

Protected by copyright (not patents in principle, unless technical effect).

In companies, rights are often automatically transferred to the employer (unless otherwise stipulated).

8. Trademarks

Definition:

A distinctive sign enabling the identification of a company's products or services.

Types of trademarks:

  • Word mark: word, name (e.g.: Coca-Cola)
  • Figurative mark: logo, design
  • Mixed mark: combination of word + logo
  • Sound mark: jingle (e.g.: SNCF)
  • Three-dimensional mark: product shape (e.g.: Coca bottle)

Conditions of validity:

  1. Distinctive: not generic or descriptive (e.g.: "computer" for a computer)
  2. Lawful: not contrary to public order, not misleading
  3. Available: no prior rights (similar trademarks, trade names)

Filing:

At INPI for France.

Choose the product/service classes (Nice Classification, 45 classes).

Cost: a few hundred euros depending on the number of classes.

Duration of protection:

10 years, indefinitely renewable (as long as fees are paid).

Revocation for non-use: if not used for 5 consecutive years.

Rights granted:

Monopoly of use for the registered products/services.

Prohibit third parties from using an identical or similar mark creating confusion.

Counterfeiting:

Unauthorized use of a protected trademark.

Civil sanctions (damages, seizure of counterfeits) and criminal sanctions (fine, imprisonment).

9. Corporate law

Sole proprietorship vs Company:

Sole proprietorship:

  • No separate legal personality (entrepreneur = business)
  • Unlimited liability (personal assets at risk)
  • Administrative simplicity
  • Taxation on personal income

Company:

  • Legal personality (separate legal entity)
  • Liability limited to contributions (generally)
  • Creation formalities (articles of association, RCS registration)
  • Corporate tax + potential taxation of shareholders

Main types of companies:

SARL (Limited Liability Company):

CharacteristicDescription
Partners1 to 100 (EURL if sole partner)
CapitalNo minimum (symbolic 1€ possible)
LiabilityLimited to contributions
ManagementManager(s)
DecisionsGeneral meetings
Manager social statusMajority: self-employed, minority: employee-equivalent

SAS (Simplified Joint-Stock Company):

CharacteristicDescription
PartnersMinimum 1 (SASU if sole partner)
CapitalNo minimum
LiabilityLimited to contributions
ManagementPresident (statutory freedom for other bodies)
FlexibilityGreat freedom of organization in articles of association
President social statusEmployee-equivalent

SA (Public Limited Company):

CharacteristicDescription
ShareholdersMinimum 2 (7 if publicly listed)
CapitalMinimum 37,000 €
LiabilityLimited to contributions
ManagementBoard of directors + CEO, or Executive board + Supervisory board
FormalismSignificant (suited for large organizations)

Choice of structure:

Decision criteria:

  • Number of partners
  • Investment amount
  • Taxation (corporate tax or income tax)
  • Personal asset protection
  • Management flexibility
  • Fundraising (SAS preferred by investors)

10. Engineer's liabilities

Contractual liability:

Toward the client or employer.

Non-performance or poor performance of contractual obligations → damages.

Obligation of result (achieving the objective) or obligation of means (implementing appropriate means) depending on the contract.

Tortious liability (or extra-contractual):

Damage caused to a third party (outside a contract).

Three conditions:

  1. Fault: negligence, carelessness, breach of duty
  2. Harm: damage suffered by the victim
  3. Causal link: the fault caused the harm

Criminal liability:

Offenses that may involve the engineer:

  • Endangering others: exposing others to immediate risk of death or serious injury
  • Involuntary manslaughter or injury: through clumsiness, carelessness, negligence
  • Environmental damage: pollution, hazardous waste
  • Non-compliance with safety standards

Sanctions: fines, imprisonment, prohibition from practicing.

Ten-year liability (construction):

10-year guarantee on the solidity of the structure and inseparable elements.

Applies to architects, engineers, and construction contractors.

Mandatory insurance.

Duty to advise:

The engineer, as an expert, must alert to risks and propose appropriate solutions.

Failure to advise may incur liability.

11. Important contractual clauses

Confidentiality clause (NDA - Non-Disclosure Agreement):

Protects sensitive information exchanged between parties.

Specify:

  • Information covered
  • Duration of confidentiality
  • Exceptions (already public information, legal obligation)
  • Penalties for violation

Non-compete clause:

Prohibits the employee from engaging in a competing activity after the end of the contract.

Conditions of validity:

  • Limited in time (generally 1-2 years)
  • Limited geographically
  • Limited to a specific industry sector
  • Compensatory allowance (otherwise void)
  • Necessary for the protection of the company's legitimate interests

Intellectual property clause:

Defines who holds the rights to creations made within the scope of the collaboration.

Important to clarify from the start: patents, software, designs, etc.

Penalty clause:

Sets in advance the amount of damages in case of non-performance.

Avoids disputes over damage assessment.

Can be revised by a judge if manifestly excessive or derisory.

Jurisdiction clause:

Designates the competent court in case of dispute.

Arbitration clause:

Submits disputes to arbitration rather than to the courts.

Faster and confidential, but costly.

12. Personal data protection - GDPR

General Data Protection Regulation:

European regulation applicable since May 2018.

Aims to protect the personal data of European citizens.

Personal data:

Any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (name, email, IP address, etc.).

Fundamental principles:

  • Lawfulness, fairness, transparency: legal and informed processing
  • Purpose limitation: collection for specific objectives
  • Data minimization: collect only necessary data
  • Accuracy: keep data up to date
  • Storage limitation: do not keep data indefinitely
  • Integrity and confidentiality: secure the data

Rights of individuals:

RightDescription
AccessObtain a copy of one's data
RectificationCorrect inaccurate data
Erasure ("right to be forgotten")Request deletion
PortabilityRetrieve data in a reusable format
ObjectionObject to processing
RestrictionRestrict processing

Obligations of the data controller:

  • Maintain a record of processing activities
  • Conduct impact assessments (if high-risk processing)
  • Appoint a DPO (Data Protection Officer) if necessary
  • Notify data breaches to CNIL (72h) and to affected individuals
  • Obtain clear consent (checkbox, not pre-checked)

Sanctions:

Fines up to 20 million euros or 4% of annual worldwide turnover (whichever is higher).

Numerous sanctions already imposed (Google, Amazon, etc.).


PART D - Reflective Analysis and Perspectives

Skills acquired

General legal knowledge:

Understanding of French law principles, hierarchy of norms, legal reasoning.

Contract reading:

Ability to read and analyze a contract, identify important clauses and risks.

Knowledge of rights and obligations:

As an employee: rights (remuneration, rest, protection) and obligations (loyalty, subordination).

Innovation protection:

Understanding how to protect one's creations (patents, copyright, trademarks) and avoid counterfeiting.

Entrepreneurial vision:

Foundations for creating a company (choice of structure, articles of association, intellectual property).

Awareness of liabilities:

Identifying situations that engage the engineer's liability and acting accordingly.

Key takeaways

1. Law governs all professional activity:

Ignoring the law through lack of knowledge does not exempt from liability. Training is essential.

2. Every contract must be read carefully:

A contract is legally binding. Unfavorable clauses (abusive non-compete, full IP rights transfer) can have serious consequences.

3. Protect your innovations quickly:

A patent's novelty is lost upon public disclosure. File before publishing or presenting.

4. Intellectual property ≠ automatically belongs to the employer:

Mission inventions belong to the employer, but attributable off-mission: fair price. Non-attributable off-mission: belongs to the employee.

5. GDPR is unavoidable:

All personal data processing must comply with GDPR. Very high penalties. Integrate compliance from the design stage.

Feedback

Awareness:

Before this course, law seemed abstract. I realized it is omnipresent: signing an internship agreement, using software, creating a website (legal notices, cookies).

Complexity and nuances:

Law is rarely binary. Many gray areas, interpretations, and case law. Hence the importance of consulting experts in case of doubt.

Value of legal counsel:

A lawyer is not a cost but an investment. They prevent costly disputes, protect innovations, and secure contracts.

Practical aspect:

The case studies made the course concrete. Analyzing real situations (salary dispute, trademark counterfeiting) helps anchor knowledge.

Practical applications

For salaried engineers:

  • Negotiate employment contract (IP clause, non-compete, remuneration)
  • Understand the pay slip
  • Know one's rights (leave, overtime, dismissal protection)
  • Protect off-mission inventions

For R&D engineers:

  • Protect innovations (patents)
  • Verify freedom to operate
  • Manage confidentiality (NDA with partners)
  • Respect third-party intellectual property

For entrepreneurs:

  • Choose an appropriate legal structure (SARL, SAS)
  • Draft articles of association and shareholder agreements
  • Protect trademark and trade name
  • Draft client and supplier contracts
  • GDPR compliance

For managers:

  • Comply with labor law (schedules, rest, dismissal)
  • Manage team contracts
  • Train team on confidentiality and GDPR

Limitations and perspectives

Course limitations:

  • Necessarily superficial overview (law is very vast)
  • Little depth on international law
  • Tax aspects barely covered
  • Little drafting practice (writing a contract)

Opens toward:

  • Business law: mergers and acquisitions, fundraising
  • Digital law: e-commerce, data protection, cybercrime
  • Competition law: cartels, abuse of dominant position
  • European and international law: international contracts, global patents

Recent developments

GDPR (2018):

Major impact on data processing. All companies affected. Compliance mandatory.

Artificial Intelligence regulation:

The EU is working on AI regulation (AI Act): high-risk AI, transparency, liability.

Software intellectual property:

Debates on the patentability of algorithms, AI, and blockchain.

Right to disconnect:

Respect for employee privacy, limiting emails outside working hours (French law since 2017).

Remote work:

Strengthened legal framework post-COVID (agreement, equipment, insurance).

Tips for success

1. Do not neglect law:

It is not just a theoretical course. It is a practical tool that protects and structures professional activity.

2. Read every contract carefully:

Internship, employment, service contracts. Identify important clauses (IP, non-compete, confidentiality). Do not hesitate to negotiate.

3. Protect your creations:

If you have an invention or original creation, learn about protection (patent, copyright, trademark). Act quickly (novelty).

4. Consult an expert in case of doubt:

Lawyer, legal counsel, IP advisor. A worthwhile investment to avoid costly mistakes.

5. Stay informed:

Law evolves (GDPR, AI, remote work). Follow relevant legal news for your sector.

6. Develop the legal reflex:

In every professional decision, ask yourself: what are the legal issues, risks, and necessary protections?

Conclusion

This module is essential for every engineer, whether salaried, researcher, or entrepreneur. Law is not an obstacle but a protective and structuring framework.

Transferable skills:

  • Critical reading of legal documents
  • Identification of legal risks
  • Innovation protection
  • Informed contract negotiation
  • Global business vision (legal, technical, financial)

Professional relevance:

Every engineer will face law: signing an employment contract, creating a product (IP protection), project management (client/supplier contracts), starting a company (articles of association, fundraising).

Key message:

Law is not reserved for lawyers. Every professional must master the basics to protect their interests, fulfill their obligations, and operate with confidence.

Recommendations:

  • Deepen relevant areas for your sector (patents for R&D, GDPR for IT, etc.)
  • Consult INPI, CNIL, and Labor Code resources online
  • Participate in continuing education (intellectual property, GDPR)
  • Develop a network with specialized lawyers
  • Read legal blogs and newsletters (Dalloz Actualite, Village Justice)

Links with other courses:


Course Documents

Topic 1 - Introduction to Law

General introduction: sources of law, hierarchy of norms, judicial organization and fundamental principles.

Download

Topic 3 - The Company

Business law: legal forms (SA, SARL, SAS), creation, management and dissolution of companies.

Download

Topic 6 - Civil Liability

Personal civil liability: fault, damage, causal link, compensation and insurance.

Download


Course taken in 2023-2024 at INSA Toulouse, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.